Equipment Leasing: Basics for Small Businesses

The accounting and tax distinctions that actually change which lease type makes sense.

$1 buyout vs fair-market-value (FMV) leases

A $1 buyout lease is structurally a financed purchase — you're guaranteed ownership at the end for a nominal $1, and payments are priced accordingly (higher than a true lease). An FMV lease gives you the option to return the equipment, renew, or buy it at its fair market value at term end — payments are lower because the leasing company retains the residual-value risk, and the equipment may not stay on your balance sheet as an owned asset.

Accounting treatment changed under ASC 842

Under the current lease accounting standard (ASC 842), most equipment leases — including ones previously kept off-balance-sheet as "operating leases" — now must be recorded as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability on the balance sheet. This changed how leasing affects reported financial ratios; talk to your accountant about how a specific lease will actually show up on your books before assuming it stays off-balance-sheet.

Section 179 and leased equipment

The Section 179 deduction can let a business deduct the full cost of qualifying equipment in the year it's placed in service, rather than depreciating it over several years — and depending on how the lease is structured, a $1-buyout-style lease may qualify while a true FMV lease generally doesn't, since 179 requires the business to effectively own the asset. The dollar limits and qualifying rules change periodically, so confirm current-year figures with a CPA rather than relying on a prior year's numbers.

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